Free Essays on Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility - What does it mean? One of the most frequently asked questions - and probably for all those individuals and organisations dealing with CSR issues is the obvious - just what does "Corporate Social Responsibility" mean anyway? Is it a stalking horse for an anti-corporate agenda? Something which, like original sin, you can never escape? Or what? Different organisations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them. My own definition is that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Take the following illustration: Companies need to answer to two aspects of their operations. 1. The quality of their management - both in terms of people and processes (the inner circle). 2. The nature of, and quantity of their impact on society in the various areas. Outside stakeholders are taking an increasing interest in the activity of the company. Most look to the outer circle - what the company has actually done, good or bad, in terms of its products and services, in terms of its impact on the environment and on local communities, or in how it treats and develops its workforce. Out of the various stakeholders, it is financial analysts who are predominantly focused - as well as past financial performance - on quality of management as an indicator of likely future performance. Other definitions The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication "Making Good Business Sense" by Lord Holme and Richard Watts, used the following definition. "Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large" The same report gave some evidence of the different perceptions of what this should mean fr... Free Essays on Corporate Social Responsibility Free Essays on Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility - What does it mean? One of the most frequently asked questions - and probably for all those individuals and organisations dealing with CSR issues is the obvious - just what does "Corporate Social Responsibility" mean anyway? Is it a stalking horse for an anti-corporate agenda? Something which, like original sin, you can never escape? Or what? Different organisations have framed different definitions - although there is considerable common ground between them. My own definition is that CSR is about how companies manage the business processes to produce an overall positive impact on society. Take the following illustration: Companies need to answer to two aspects of their operations. 1. The quality of their management - both in terms of people and processes (the inner circle). 2. The nature of, and quantity of their impact on society in the various areas. Outside stakeholders are taking an increasing interest in the activity of the company. Most look to the outer circle - what the company has actually done, good or bad, in terms of its products and services, in terms of its impact on the environment and on local communities, or in how it treats and develops its workforce. Out of the various stakeholders, it is financial analysts who are predominantly focused - as well as past financial performance - on quality of management as an indicator of likely future performance. Other definitions The World Business Council for Sustainable Development in its publication "Making Good Business Sense" by Lord Holme and Richard Watts, used the following definition. "Corporate Social Responsibility is the continuing commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as well as of the local community and society at large" The same report gave some evidence of the different perceptions of what this should mean fr...

Net Ionic Equation Definition (Chemistry)

Net Ionic Equation Definition (Chemistry) There are different ways to write equations for chemical reactions. Three of the most common are unbalanced equations, which indicate the species involved; balanced chemical equations, which indicate number and type of species; and net ionic equations, which only deal with the species that contribute to a reaction. Basically, you need to know how to write the first two types of reactions to get the net ionic equation. Net Ionic Equation Definition The net ionic equation is a chemical equation for a reaction which lists only those species participating in the reaction. The net ionic equation is commonly used in acid-base neutralization reactions, double displacement reactions, and redox reactions. In other words, the net ionic equation applies to reactions that are strong electrolytes in water. Net Ionic Equation Example The net ionic equation for the reaction that results from mixing 1 M HCl and 1 M NaOH is:H(aq) OH-(aq) → H2O(l)The Cl- and Na  ions do not react and are not listed in the net ionic equation. How to Write a Net Ionic Equation There are three steps to writing a net ionic equation: Balance the chemical equation.Write the equation in terms of all of the ions in the solution. In other words, break all of the strong electrolytes into the ions they form in aqueous solution. Make sure to indicate the formula and charge of each ion, use coefficients (numbers in front of a species) to indicate the quantity of each ion, and write (aq) after each ion to indicate its in aqueous solution.In the net ionic equation, all species with (s), (l), and (g) will be unchanged. Any (aq) that remain on both sides of the equation (reactants and products) can be cancelled out. These are called spectator ions and they dont participate in the reaction. Tips for Writing the Net Ionic Equation The key to knowing which species dissociate into ions and which form solids (precipitates) is to be able to recognize molecular and ionic compounds, know the strong acids and bases, and predict the solubility of compounds. Molecular compounds, like sucrose or sugar, dont dissociate in water. Ionic compounds, like sodium chloride, dissociate according to solubility rules. Strong acids and bases completely dissociate into ions, while weak acids and bases only partially dissociate. For the ionic compounds, it helps to consult the solubility rules. Follow the rules in order: All alkali metal salts are soluble. (e.g., salts of Li, Na, K, etc. - consult a periodic table if youre unsure)All  NH4 salts are soluble.All NO3-, C2H3O2-, ClO3-, and ClO4-  salts are soluble.All Ag, Pb2, and Hg22  salts are insoluble.All Cl-, Br-, and I-  salts are soluble.All CO32-, O2-, S2-, OH-, PO43-, CrO42-, Cr2O72-, and SO32-  salts are insoluble (with  exceptions).All SO42-  salts are soluble (with exceptions). For example, following these rules you know sodium sulfate is soluble, while iron sulfate is not. The six strong acids that completely dissociate are  HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4. The oxides and hydroxides of alkali (group 1A) and alkaline earth (group 2A) metals are strong bases that completely dissociate. Net Ionic Equation Example Problem For example, consider the reaction between sodium chloride and silver nitrate in water. Lets write the net ionic equation. First, you need to know the formulas for these compounds. Its a good idea to memorize common ions, but if you dont know them, this is the reaction, written with (aq) following the species to indicate they are in water: NaCl(aq) AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) AgCl(s) How do you know silver nitrate and silver chloride form and that silver chloride is a solid? Use the solubility rules to determine both reactants dissociate in water. In order for a reaction to occur, they must exchange ions. Again using the solubility rules, you know sodium nitrate is soluble (remains aqueous) because all alkali metal salts are soluble. Chloride salts are insoluble, so you know AgCl precipitates. Knowing this, you can rewrite the equation to show all the ions (the complete ionic equation): Na(aq)  Ã‚  Cl​−​​(aq) Ag​(aq)  Ã‚  NO​3​−​​(aq)  Ã¢â€ â€™Ã‚  Na​​​(aq)   NO​3​−​​(aq)  Ã‚  AgCl(s) The sodium and nitrate ions are present on both sides of the reaction and are not changed by the reaction, so you can cancel them from both sides of the reaction. This leaves you with the net ionic equation: Cl-(aq) Ag(aq) → AgCl(s)

Jus 102 3 short paper see below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Jus 102 3 short paper see below - Essay Example This type of leadership has been proven to make a positive impact to the subordinates by making them exert more effort in their work areas and to comply with rules and regulations. In Transaction leadership style, police leaders who practice this model are said to rely more on rewards and punishments and they tend to act only in situations where there are deviations from expected behaviour and service delivery of their subordinates. This model has lesser positive impact on the subordinates than transformational style but individuals who are less self-motivated express a liking of this model (Avolio, Sosik, Jung, & Berson, 2003). Mixed style leadership is where a police leader combines both the transactional and transformational leadership. According to research done on this models of leadership, it is said that those who practice mixed style leadership are more effective leaders than those who just practice the transformational type. In addition to this there is active leadership and role modelling where leaders are said to be active, they set a good example and employ role modelling tactics including on acceptable cultures of the police force and integrity, unlike the transformational leaders who rely heavily on mentoring and inspiration motivation. They influence subordinates behaviour than the transformational leaders. In situational leadership, leaders modify their behaviours to suit the context. This include the years of experience of their subordinates and their ranks. In addition, Participative leadership involves encouragement of subordinates to involve themselves in decision making so as to be committed and satisfied with their different jobs. Lastly there is the inactive leadership model where police leaders fail to lead effectively. This model has negative impacts on the subordinate’s willingness to work. The